Preparation And Characterization Of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Produced From Α-Cellulose Betung Bamboo (DENDROCALAMUS Asper) And It’s Evaluation On Gel Formulation

Objective: This study aim to obtain the optimum condition of preparation of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) produced from α-cellulose betung bamboo, physicochemical properties of HPMC powder and its characteristics in a gel formulation. Methods: HPMC of betung bamboo (HPMC BB) were optimized by central composite design (CCD) using three variables (sodium hydroxide concentration, dimethyl sulfate concentration, and temperature) and five levels (0,±1, and±α). The suggested optimum condition was subjected to further characterization. HPMC BB was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry, particle size analyzer (PSA), x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and compared to HPMC 60SH as the reference. Then, HPMC BB was used as a gelling agent in a gel formulation and the gel was evaluated, including appearance and homogeneity, pH, viscosity, and spreadability. Results: Optimum condition of preparation of HPMC BB was using sodium hydroxide 27.68% (w/v) and 1.26 ml dimethyl sulfate (based on 1 g α-cellulose) at 58.11 °C which resulted in molar substitution 0.21 and degree of substitution 2.09. The results showed that HPMC BB was a fine powder with yellowish-white color, odorless and tasteless, pH 7.02, residue on ignition 1.39%, methoxy groups content 28.56%, hydroxypropoxy groups content 7.09%, mean particle size 98.595 μm, loss on drying 3.62%, and moisture content 7.47%. Flow properties of HPMC BB classified in the fair category. The infrared spectrum and diffraction patterns were relatively similar to HPMC 60SH. The gel has a good homogeneity and spreadability and viscosity 142.5 mPa⋅s. pH 6.37. Conclusion: Based on the comparison to reference, HPMC BB showed relatively similar physicochemical and powder properties. However, HPMC BB is not recommended as a gelling agent in gel formulation because it has a low viscosity.

Analysis Of Lynestrenol In Human Plasma In Vitro By High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Uv-Vis: European Medicines Agency Guideline

Objective: Development and validation of reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method with UV-Vis detector for in vitro determination of lynestrenol with levonorgestrel as an internal standard in human plasma. Methods: The RP-HPLC method was developed using a C18 Sunfire© waters column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid in water (60:40), respectively, at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and was detected at a wavelength of 204 nm. Lynestrenol and levonorgestrel were extracted from human plasma using pentane with protein precipitation method. Results: The RP-HPLC method was able to selectively quantify lynestrenol in blood plasma on 40 ng/ml. The assay exhibited a linear dynamic range 40-1000 ng/ml for lynestrenol with retention time 4.0 second, and the coefficient correlation (r) was 0.9994. Accuracy (% diff) of this method was-10.81% to 8.72% with precision (CV) being 3.84% to 8.12%, and complete recovery was established to be 98.27% to 106.49%. The method was sensitive, selective, and has simple sample preparation extraction lynestrenol in plasma with pentane was successfully developed. Conclusion: The method can be used to analyze lynestrenol in blood plasma, with a simple pretreatment procedure using pentane.

Development and validation method for simultaneous quantification of neomycin and polymyxin B by HPLC-ELSD and comparison with microbiological method

The aim of this study is to develop the first simultaneous method for quantification of neomycin and polymyxin B inthe presence of dexamethasone using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with an Evaporative LightScattering Detector (ELSD). The analysis was performed using a phenyl Waters X Bridge column, an evaporationtemperature of 50oC, and a nitrogen pressure of 320 kPa. The mobile phase consists of a combination of methanoland trichloroacetate acid (40 mM, pH 1.70–1.80) in gradient mode, flow rate at 1.0 ml/minute, detector gain of 6,and analysis time of 35 minutes. The linearity was achieved with a concentration of 100–500 µg/ml (r = 0.99955)for neomycin and concentration of 30–100 µg/ml (r = 0.99703) for polymyxin B. Recovery results were obtainedbetween 99.150% and 104.773% for neomycin and 96.538% and 105.139% for polymyxin B. The analysis samplefrom the market was found to be 102.27% for neomycin and 100.79% for polymyxin B. The result was compared tothe standard microbiological method. Based on the T-test results of two samples with a 95% confidence level (α =0.05), it was concluded that there was no significant difference between HPLC-ELSD and microbiological methodsfor determining neomycin and polymyxin B. The HPLC-ELSD method has a potential for routine analysis due toadvantages in terms of increasing precision, accuracy, and shorter testing time.

Improving Transdermal Drug Delivery System For Medroxyprogesterone Acetate By Olive Oil And Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) As Penetration Enhancers: In Vitro Penetration Study

Objective: Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (MPA) using a transdermal drug delivery system for contraception by passive diffusion is limited by the skin barrier properties. Penetration enhancers such as olive oil (fatty acid permeation enhancer) and DMSO (chemical enhancer) can be used. The objective of this study was to overcome MPA penetration problem by using olive oil and DMSO. Methods: An in vitro penetration study using the Franz diffusion cells was performed. The first penetration study used MPA in olive oil (O) and MPA in coconut oil (C) with the concentration 100 μg/ml to each sample and MPA suspension as a control with the same concentration. The second study used MPA in olive oil with the concentration 200.0 μg/ml (A), MPA in olive oil with 0.5% DMSO with the concentration 200.0 μg/ml (B), and MPA in olive oil with 1% DMSO with the concentration 200 μg/ml (C). Results: MPA penetration test for olive oil+0.5% DMSO had flux value 4.24±0.074 μg/cm2. hr and it was not significantly different (t-test, P>0.05) with olive oil+1% DMSO. While the MPA penetration test in only Olive oil had flux value 0.90±0.0087 μg/cm2. hr. Conclusion: This research concluded that olive oil and 0.5% DMSO could improve the penetration of MPA into skin membrane by 4.5 times more than olive oil alone.

Synthesis of Dihydroartemisinin using Ni/TiO2 catalyst Prepared by Sol Gel Method.

Artemisinin is a δ-sesquiterpene lactone that incorporates an endoperoxide moiety. This compound was isolated as the active compound of Artemisia annua L. Dihydroartemisinin is the simplest semisynthetic derivative of artemisinin and is more potent than artemisinin. Combined with piperaquine, curently this compound is the drug of choice to treat malaria. The objective of this research is to modify the structure of artemisinin into dihydroartemisinin. A new way to modify the structure of artemisinin into dihydroartemisinin, had been successfully conducted using hydrogenation process with Ni/TiO2 catalyst. The yield of the reaction was 16.58%. LC-MS analysis showed that the compound had mainly a peak with retention time tR 2.2 minutes and mass spectrum showed that the molecular weight of the compound was 284.29 which was the molecular formula of dihydroartemisinin, C15H24O5. The IR spectrum showed that there was a spectrum from C-O in a wave number of 1034.14 cm-1. Hydrogenation reaction did not destroy the endoperoxide group. This was proven by the existing of C-O-O-C in a frequency of 1091.71; 875.68; 844.82 cm-1. 1H- and 13C-NMR data and comparison to the authentic sample, showed that the compound was a racemic mixture of /dihydroartemisinin. The dihydroartemisinin resulted from this process was also proven for its antimalarial activity, in vitro assay using cultured Plasmodium falciparum clone 3D7 with its IC50= 2x10-7M.